Patient-specific femoral guide

ABSTRACT

A medical device for preparing an elongated bone, such as a proximal femoral bone, for receiving an implant includes a patient-specific femoral guide and an elongated alignment element. The femoral guide has a patient-specific three-dimensional bone-engaging surface configured according to a preoperative plan based on a three-dimensional image model of the femoral bone to mate complementarily with the surface of the proximal femoral bone extending between the greater trochanter, the femoral neck and the femoral shaft of the proximal femur. The femoral guide includes a first guide end forming a planar guide configured for guiding a neck resection. The alignment member can be removably attached to the femoral guide and defines a reference axis for guiding a cutting tool into the femoral bone through a resected surface of the femoral neck.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/446,660, filed on Feb. 25, 2011.

This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 12/978,069 filed Dec. 23, 2010, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 12/973,214, filed Dec. 20, 2010, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 12/955,361 filed Nov. 29, 2010, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. Nos. 12/938,905 and 12/938,913, both filed Nov. 3, 2010, and which are continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 12/893,306, filed Sep. 29, 2010, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 12/888,005, filed Sep. 22, 2010, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 12/714,023, filed Feb. 26, 2010, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 12/571,969, filed Oct. 1, 2009, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 12/486,992, filed Jun. 18, 2009, and a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 12/389,901, filed Feb. 20, 2009, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 12/211,407, filed Sep. 16, 2008, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 12/039,849, filed Feb. 29, 2008, which: (1) claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/953,620, filed on Aug. 2, 2007, U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/947,813, filed on Jul. 3, 2007, U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/911,297, filed on Apr. 12, 2007, and U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/892,349, filed on Mar. 1, 2007; (2) is a continuation-in-part U.S. application Ser. No. 11/756,057, filed on May 31, 2007, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/812,694, filed on Jun. 9, 2006; (3) is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 11/971,390, filed on Jan. 9, 2008, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 11/363,548, filed on Feb. 27, 2006, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,780,672 issued Aug. 24, 2010; and (4) is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 12/025,414, filed on Feb. 4, 2008, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/953,637, filed on Aug. 2, 2007.

This application is continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 12/872,663, filed on Aug. 31, 2010, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/310,752 filed on Mar. 5, 2010.

This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 12/483,807, filed on Jun. 12, 2009, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 12/371,096, filed on Feb. 13, 2009, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 12/103,824, filed on Apr. 16, 2008, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/912,178, filed on Apr. 17, 2007.

This application is also a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 12/103,834, filed on Apr. 16, 2008, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/912,178, filed on Apr. 17, 2007.

The disclosures of the above applications are incorporated herein by reference.

INTRODUCTION

The present teachings provide a patient-specific alignment and resection guide and associated tools for guiding a resection of the femoral neck and aligning a broach or other cutting instrument or tool along the proximal femur in preparation for a femoral implant.

SUMMARY

The present teachings provide a medical device for preparing an elongated bone, such as a femoral bone, for receiving an implant. The medical device includes a patient-specific femoral guide and an elongated alignment element. The femoral guide has a patient-specific three-dimensional bone-engaging surface configured according to a preoperative plan based on a three-dimensional image model of a proximal femoral bone to mate complementarily with the surface of the proximal femoral bone extending between the greater trochanter, the femoral neck and the femoral shaft of the proximal femur. The femoral guide includes a first guide end forming a planar guide configured for guiding a neck resection. The alignment member can be removably attached to the femoral guide. The alignment member defines a reference axis for guiding a cutting tool into the femoral bone through a resected surface of the femoral neck.

In some embodiments, the medical device includes a cutting tool, such as a broach or reamer, for example, for preparing the proximal femoral bone after the neck resection, a driver tool for holding and driving the cutting tool into the femoral bone along a first axis, and a connector. The connector can be slidably coupled to the alignment member and to the driver tool. The connector has a patient-specific distance between the first axis and reference axis for guiding the cutting tool into the femoral bone through a resected surface of the femoral neck at a position determined during a preoperative plan based on the three-dimensional image model of the femoral bone.

The present teachings provide a method for preparing a proximal femoral bone for an implant. The method includes attaching a patient-specific femoral guide to the proximal femoral bone, guiding a cutting instrument along a planar cutting guide of the femoral guide, and cutting the femoral neck along a patient-specific plane using the cutting guide. The method also includes coupling a cutting tool to a driver tool, and slidably connecting the driver tool to an alignment member extending from the patient-specific guide along a reference axis such that the cutting tool is automatically positioned at a preselected distance from the reference axis and at a preselected location relative to the resected femoral neck. The method includes preparing the femoral bone for receiving an implant using the cutting tool.

Further areas of applicability of the present teachings will become apparent from the description provided hereinafter. It should be understood that the description and specific examples are intended for purposes of illustration only and are not intended to limit the scope of the present teachings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The present teachings will become more fully understood from the detailed description and the accompanying drawings, wherein:

FIG. 1 is an environmental view of a patient-specific femoral guide according to the present teachings;

FIG. 1A is a perspective view of an exemplary femoral guide according to the present teachings;

FIG. 1B is a perspective view of another exemplary femoral guide according to the present teachings;

FIG. 2 is an environmental view of the patient-specific femoral guide of FIG. 1 shown with a driver holder and a cutting tool;

FIG. 3. is a side view of the driver holder for the cutting tool of FIG. 2; and

FIG. 4 is a side view of the cutting tool of FIG. 2.

DESCRIPTION OF VARIOUS ASPECTS

The following description is merely exemplary in nature and is in no way intended to limit the present teachings, applications, or uses.

The present teachings provide a patient-specific alignment and resection guide and associated tools for guiding a resection of the femoral neck and aligning a broach or other cutting tool along the proximal femur in preparation for receipt of a femoral implant.

As described in commonly assigned U.S. application Ser. No. 11/756,057, filed on May 31, 2007, during a preoperative planning stage, imaging data of the relevant anatomy of a patient can be obtained at a medical facility or doctor's office. The imaging data can include, for example, a detailed scan of a pelvis, hip, knee, ankle or other joint or relevant portion of the patient's anatomy. The imaging data can be obtained using MRI, CT, X-Ray, ultrasound or any other imaging system. The imaging data obtained can be used to construct a three-dimensional computer image of the joint and prepare an initial pre-operative plan that can include bone or joint preparation, including planning for resections, milling, reaming, broaching, cutting, implant selection and fitting, design of patient-specific guides, templates, tools and alignment protocol for the surgical procedure.

Computer modeling for obtaining three-dimensional computer images of the relevant patient's anatomy can be provided by various CAD programs and/or software available from various vendors or developers, such as, for example, from Materialise USA, Ann Arbor, Mich. The computer modeling program can be used to plan a preoperative surgical plan, including planning various bone preparation procedures, selecting or designing/modifying implants and designing patient-specific guides and tools including patient-specific prosthesis components, and patient-specific tools, including reaming, broaching, milling, drilling or other cutting tools, alignment guides, templates and other patient-specific instruments.

The pre-operative plan can be stored in any computer storage medium, in a computer file form or any other computer or digital representation. The pre-operative plan, in a digital form associated with interactive software, can be made available via a hard medium, a web-based or mobile or cloud service, or a cellular portable device to the surgeon or other medical practitioner, for review. Using the interactive software, the surgeon can review the plan, and manipulate the position of images of various implant components relative to an image of the anatomy. The surgeon can modify the plan and send it to the manufacturer with recommendations or changes. The interactive review process can be repeated until a final, approved plan, is sent to a manufacturing facility for preparing the actual physical components.

After the surgical plan is approved by the surgeon, patient-specific implants and associated tools, including, for example, alignment guides, cutting/milling/reaming/broaching or other tools for the surgical preparation of the joint or other anatomy portion of the specific patient can be designed using a CAD program or other three-dimensional modeling software, such as the software provided by Materialise, for example, according to the surgical plan. Patient-specific guides and other instruments can be manufactured by various stereolithography methods, selective laser sintering, fused deposition modeling or other rapid prototyping methods. In some embodiments, computer instructions of tool paths for machining the patient-specific guides and/or implants can be generated and stored in a tool path data file. The tool path data can be provided as input to a CNC mill or other automated machining system, and the tools and implants can be machined from polymer, ceramic, metal or other suitable material depending on the use, and sterilized. The sterilized tools and implants can be shipped to the surgeon or medical facility for use during the surgical procedure.

Patient-specific implants, guides, templates, tools or portions thereof are defined as those constructed by a surgical plan approved by the surgeon using thee-dimensional images of the specific patient's anatomy. These patient-specific components have a three-dimensional engagement surface that is made to closely conform, contact and mate substantially as a negative mold of corresponding complementary portions of the patient's anatomy. The complementary anatomy can include bone surfaces with or without associated soft tissue, such as articular cartilage, for example, and inner surfaces of different bone density, such as cancellous and cortical bone.

Referring to FIGS. 1 and 2, an exemplary patient-specific femoral guide 100 for a proximal femur 80 is illustrated. The femoral guide 100 is designed to have a three-dimensional patient-specific bone engagement surface 102 designed during the pre-operative plan from the three-dimensional image of the specific patient's hip joint with or without associated cartilage or other soft tissue. The femoral guide 100 can be in the form of a thin curved shell 101 having a first guide end 104 or guide side 104 (in the form of a slot or an edge, as discussed below) forming a planar resection guide for resecting the femoral neck 84 at a location and orientation relative to first and second reference axes A and B along a resection plane R and creating a resected surface 88. The location and orientation of the resection plane R is determined in the pre-operative plan using the three-dimensional image of the patient's joint to conserver bone, remove abnormalities, conform to or correct anteversion angle or other orientation of the femoral neck.

Referring to FIGS. 1 and 1A, the shell 101 can be in the form of a two-piece clamshell with couplable anterior and posterior components 103 a, 103 b that can engage the anterior and posterior surfaces of the proximal femur 80 with corresponding patient-specific engagement surfaces 102 to nestingly and securedly engage the bone. The shell 101 can include a second end side 106 defining an opening for a greater trochanter 82 and a third end side 108 defining an opening for a femoral bone shaft 90. Similarly, the first guide end 104 can be in the form of an opening defining an annular resection plane or guide R. The edge of the first guide end 104 can be made thicker or reinforced or with an added flange for additional stability during resection. The shell 101 can be additionally secured to the proximal femur 80 with one or more bone screws or pins 116 passing through a hole 112. The anterior and posterior components 103 a, 103 b can be movable connected, for example, along a lateral side 107 with a hinge or other connector 111 permitting pivoting, clamping, snap-on or other connection. The anterior and posterior components 103 a, 103 b can be connected to one another or to the bone with fasteners or pins passing through holes 113′ along the opposite or medial side 109, or with a snap-on or other connection to one another.

Alternatively, the shell 101 can include a single one-piece component 103, which can be attached to only the anterior (or only the posterior) surface of the proximal femur 80 with bone fasteners or pins inserted through hole 112 and other corresponding holes, as discussed above. In the embodiment in which the shell 101 includes a single component 103, as shown in FIG. 1B, the single component 103 can partially wrap around from the lateral and medial sides 107, 107 toward the posterior (or anterior) surface of the proximal femur 80 along curved lateral and medial flanges 117 and 119. In the single-component embodiment, the first guide end 104, second end side 106 and third end side 108 can be in the form of edges or partial openings or slots, rather than openings with a closed periphery. Additional holes 113′ and 113″ can be used for fastening the alignment guide 100 to the lateral and medial sides 107, 109.

With the femoral guide 100 secured on the proximal femur 80, a cutting blade or saw or other surgical instrument can be guided by the first guide end 104 to cut the femoral neck 84 along a resection plane R, thereby removing the femoral head 86 and exposing the resected surface 88 of the femoral neck 84, as shown in FIGS. 1 and 2. After resection, the femoral guide 100 can be used to guide instruments for preparing the proximal femur 80 for a femoral implant, as discussed below. As discussed above, the resection plane R is selected during pre-operative planning to conserve healthy bone, adjust or conform to patient-specific anteversion or other angles and in conformance with the planned implants for the femoral joint. When the femoral guide 100 is attached to the femur intra-operatively, the resection plane R is automatically determined by the first guide end side 104.

The femoral guide 100 can include an elongated alignment member 130, such as a rod or bar, which can be attached to the shell 101 with bolts, screws, clamps or other fasteners 114 at a portion 115 of the shell 101 between the first and second end sides 104, 106 of the shell 101 and through holes 133 of the alignment member 130. The attachment position of the alignment member 130 at portion 115 is determined during the pre-operative plan and such that the alignment member 130 defines a reference axis A, when the shell 101 is attached to the proximal femur 80. The reference axis A can coincide or be parallel to the intramedullary axis of the femoral shaft 90, as shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 and can be used to reference the position for a cutting tool or broach 200 for preparing the proximal femur 80 to receive a femoral and intramedullary implant, as discussed below. In this regard, the alignment member 130 can include a scale 138 for showing the advance or position and insertion level of the broach 200 relative to the bone, and a stop element 132 indicating when a full seated position of the broach 200 is reached and broaching is completed. The alignment member 130 can be either permanently or removably attached to the femoral guide 100, such that the alignment member 130 can be optionally attached to the femoral guide 100 after the femoral head 86 is resected using the femoral guide 100. The alignment member can have a round cross-section, or alternatively, a rectangular or otherwise keyed cross-section, as discussed below.

Referring to FIG. 2, a driver tool 300 for holding a broach or reamer or other cutting tool 200 can be slidably coupled to the alignment member 130 using a connector 134. The connector 134 is designed during the pre-operative plan to locate the driver tool 300 and the broach 200 at a preselected distance and orientation relative to the reference axis A, such that the broach 200 can automatically engage the resected surface 88 of the femoral neck 84 at a location and orientation determined during the pre-operative plan. For example, when the connector 134 is coupled between the alignment member 130 and the driver tool 300, a distance D between the reference axis A and a longitudinal axis C of the driver tool 300 equals a value determined during the pre-operative plan for positioning the broach 200 in a pre-planned position and orientation for preparing the proximal femur 80 to receive an implant. When the connector 134 reaches the stop 132, the sliding motion of the connector 134, the driver tool 300 and the broach 200 is arrested and depth is limited to the desired depth to accommodate a pre-determined positioning of an implant according to the pre-operative plan. The alignment member 130 can be rotationally keyed to the connector 134 to allow motion only along the reference axis A, i.e., to prevent or reduce any rotational instabilities during use. For rotational stability, other than circular cross-sections for the alignment member 130 can be used, such as, oval, triangular or polygonal, for example.

The connector 134 can be an elongated element, such as a bar, having an opening 136 for receiving the alignment member 130 therethrough. The connector 134 can be coupled to the driver tool 300 with a clamp, bolt, screw, snap fit, forked end connector or other coupling device 137.

Referring to FIG. 4, the broach 200 can include have a body 201 with an outer peripheral three-dimensional cutting surface 202 extending from a proximal end surface 204 to a distal end surface 210 of the body 201. The cutting surface 202 is provided with cutting teeth and channels or grooves 211 for moving bone chips away from the cavity created by the broach 200.

Referring to FIGS. 2-4, the broach 200 can be coupled to the driver tool 300 by providing a coupling interface between the proximal end surface 204 of the broach and a distal surface 314 of the driver tool 300. The coupling interface can include, for example, a finger or rod or other protrusion 208 extending from the proximal end surface 204 of the broach 200 to be received in a corresponding bore or other opening 312 defined through the distal surface 314 of the driver tool 300. The coupling interface can also include an opening or bore 206 defined through the proximal end surface 204 of the broach 200 for receiving a distal portion 316 of a retractable bar or rod 310 of the driver tool 300. The driver tool 300 can include a body 302, a handle bar 304, and a proximal flange 318 for impaction. The retractable rod 310 can extend along the body 302 and is biased by a proximal spring 308. The retractable rod 310 can be deployed for engaging the broach 200 by using a trigger 306 which can be operated by holding with one hand the handle bar 304 and squeezing the trigger opening 305 with an index finger and move the broach 200 form a first to a second position along the axis C. The broach 200 can be held securely with the driver tool 300, as shown in FIG. 2 and inserted through the resected surface 88 the femoral neck 84 to prepare the femoral bone 80 for receiving a femoral implant. The depth of insertion of the broach 200 can be monitored by the scale 138 and the broach 200 can be removed after the connector 134 reaches the stop 132. In some embodiments, the broach 200 can be patient-specific and designed during the pre-operative plan to conform to an inner boundary surface of the femur, which is imaged and selected during the pre-operative plan.

The patient-specific femoral guide 100 can be manufactured from biocompatible materials using machining, rapid manufacturing by stereolithography, laser welding, or computer-assisted manufacturing using numerical machining or robotic controllers.

The foregoing discussion discloses and describes merely exemplary arrangements of the present teachings. Furthermore, the mixing and matching of features, elements and/or functions between various embodiments is expressly contemplated herein, so that one of ordinary skill in the art would appreciate from this disclosure that features, elements and/or functions of one embodiment may be incorporated into another embodiment as appropriate, unless described otherwise above. Moreover, many modifications may be made to adapt a particular situation or material to the present teachings without departing from the essential scope thereof. One skilled in the art will readily recognize from such discussion, and from the accompanying drawings and claims, that various changes, modifications and variations can be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the present teachings as defined in the following claims. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A medical device for preparing an elongated bone for receiving an implant comprising: a femoral guide having a patient-specific three-dimensional bone-engaging surface configured according to a preoperative plan based on a three-dimensional image model of a proximal femoral bone to mate complementarily with the surface of the proximal femoral bone extending between a greater trochanter, a femoral neck and a femoral shaft of the proximal femoral bone, the femoral guide including a first guide end forming a planar guide configured to engage a resection tool within a desired resection plane and thereby guide the resection tool as the resection tool cuts the femoral neck along the desired resection plane and completely removes a femoral head of the proximal femoral bone but preserves the greater trochanter; and an elongated alignment member removably attachable to the femoral guide and defining a reference axis for guiding a cutting tool into the proximal femoral bone through a resected surface of the femoral neck.
 2. The medical device of claim 1, further comprising a connector couplable to a driver tool for driving a cutting tool into the femoral bone after neck resection, the connector having an opening slidably receiving the alignment member for guiding a cutting tool.
 3. The medical device of claim 2, wherein the alignment member includes a scale indicating a depth of the cutting tool into the femoral bone.
 4. The medical device of claim 2, wherein the alignment member includes a stop for preventing further insertion of the cutting tool into the femoral bone.
 5. The medical device of claim 4, in combination with the driver tool and the cutting tool.
 6. The medical device of claim 2, wherein the connector is sized for determining a patient-specific distance between the reference axis and a longitudinal axis of the driver tool for guiding the cutting tool into a patient-specific position through femoral bone.
 7. The medical device of claim 1, wherein the patient-specific three-dimensional bone-engaging surface of the femoral guide includes surfaces complementary to anterior, posterior, medial and lateral surfaces of the femoral bone for surrounding the femoral bone.
 8. The medical device of claim 1, wherein the femoral guide is formed as a two-piece clamshell including an anterior component and a posterior component.
 9. The medical device of claim 8, wherein the clamshell defines a neck opening, a greater trochanter opening and a femoral shaft opening.
 10. The medical device of claim 8, wherein the anterior and posterior components are movably coupled along a lateral or medial side.
 11. A medical device for preparing a proximal femur for receiving an implant comprising: a femoral guide having a patient-specific three-dimensional bone-engaging surface configured according to a preoperative plan based on a three-dimensional image model of the proximal femur to mate complementarily with the surface of the proximal femur extending between the greater trochanter, the femoral neck and the femoral shaft of the proximal femur, wherein the femoral guide at least partially defines a first opening with a closed periphery for the femoral neck, a second opening with a closed periphery for the greater trochanter, and a third opening with a closed periphery for the femoral shaft, and an alignment member removably attachable to the femoral guide and defining a reference axis for guiding a cutting tool into the proximal femur through a resected surface of the femoral neck.
 12. The medical device of claim 11, wherein the femoral guide forms a two-piece clamshell including an anterior component and a posterior component.
 13. The medical device of claim 12, further comprising a hinge that couples one of the lateral and medial sides of the anterior and posterior components to one another while allowing the anterior and posterior components to pivot with respect to one another.
 14. The medical device of claim 13, further comprising a fastener that removably couples the other one of the lateral and medial sides of the anterior and posterior components to one another.
 15. The medical device of claim 11, wherein the femoral guide includes a first guide end forming a planar guide configured to engage a resection tool within a desired resection plane and thereby guide the resection tool as the resection tool cuts the femoral neck along the desired resection plane and completely removes a femoral head of the proximal femur, and the reference axis defined by the alignment member is usable for guiding the cutting tool into the proximal femur through a resected surface of the femoral neck.
 16. The medical device of claim 15, further comprising a connector couplable to a driver tool, the driver tool being configured to drive the cutting tool into the resected surface of the femoral neck, the connector having an opening slidably receiving the alignment member for guiding the cutting tool.
 17. The medical device of claim 16, wherein the connector is sized to yield a patient-specific distance between the reference axis and a longitudinal axis of the driver tool to guide the cutting tool to a patient-specific position on the proximal femur.
 18. The medical device of claim 11, wherein the alignment member includes a scale indicating a depth of the cutting tool into the proximal femur.
 19. The medical device of claim 11, wherein the alignment member includes a stop for preventing further insertion of the cutting tool into the proximal femur.
 20. The medical device of claim 11, wherein the femoral guide alone defines the first opening for the femoral neck.
 21. The medical device of claim 20, wherein the femoral guide cooperates with the alignment member to define the second and third openings for the greater trochanter and the femoral shaft, respectively. 